Despite these inevitable difficulties in measuring the relationship of stress to immunity, scientists are making progress. Almost every mother has said it: "Wear a jacket or you'll catch a cold! Probably not, exposure to moderate cold temperatures doesn't increase your susceptibility to infection. There are two reasons why winter is "cold and flu season. Also the influenza virus stays airborne longer when air is cold and less humid.

But researchers remain interested in this question in different populations. Some experiments with mice suggest that cold exposure might reduce the ability to cope with infection. But what about humans? Scientists have performed experiments in which volunteers were briefly dunked in cold water or spent short periods of time naked in subfreezing temperatures. They've studied people who lived in Antarctica and those on expeditions in the Canadian Rockies. The results have been mixed.

For example, researchers documented an increase in upper respiratory infections in competitive cross-country skiers who exercise vigorously in the cold, but whether these infections are due to the cold or other factors — such as the intense exercise or the dryness of the air — is not known.

A group of Canadian researchers that has reviewed hundreds of medical studies on the subject and conducted some of its own research concludes that there's no need to worry about moderate cold exposure — it has no detrimental effect on the human immune system. Should you bundle up when it's cold outside?

The answer is "yes" if you're uncomfortable, or if you're going to be outdoors for an extended period where such problems as frostbite and hypothermia are a risk. But don't worry about immunity. Regular exercise is one of the pillars of healthy living.

It improves cardiovascular health, lowers blood pressure, helps control body weight, and protects against a variety of diseases.

But does it help to boost your immune system naturally and keep it healthy? Just like a healthy diet, exercise can contribute to general good health and therefore to a healthy immune system. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.

With this Special Health Report, Living Better, Living Longer , you will learn the protective steps doctors recommend for keeping your mind and body fit for an active and rewarding life. Thanks for visiting. Don't miss your FREE gift. Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health , plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise , pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and more.

Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight loss Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. Recent Blog Articles. Why is topical vitamin C important for skin health? Preventing preeclampsia may be as simple as taking an aspirin. Caring for an aging parent? Tips for enjoying holiday meals.

A conversation about reducing the harms of social media. Menopause and memory: Know the facts. How to get your child to put away toys. Is a common pain reliever safe during pregnancy? Can vaping help you quit smoking? How to boost your immune system February 15, Print This Page Click to Print. Staying Healthy. Children's Health. Think of the immune system as an orchestra. For the best performance, you want every instrument and every musician in the orchestra to perform at their best.

You want every part to perform exactly according to the score. The same goes for your immune system. To best protect your body from harm, every component of your immune system needs to perform exactly according to plan. The best way you can ensure this happens is to practice the good-for-you behaviors your immune system runs on every day.

Here are seven key ones. Regular exercise lowers your risk of developing chronic diseases like obesity , type 2 diabetes , and heart disease , as well as viral and bacterial infections, according to a review published in the April Frontiers in Immunology. Physical activity increases the release of endorphins a group of hormones that reduce pain and create feelings of pleasure , making it a great way to manage stress.

And while there is some evidence that very long or intense exercise sessions may suppress the immune system, making you more susceptible to illness and infection in the hours immediately after your workout, other evidence contradicts this, according to the aforementioned Frontiers in Immunology review. And there is a wealth of epidemiological evidence — that is, studies that followed human behavior and outcomes — suggesting that people who are more active overall tend to have lower incidences of both acute illnesses like infections and chronic ones like cancer and type 2 diabetes.

Studies that have looked at how exercise affects the body on a cellular level suggest that bouts of physical activity may make your immune system more vigilant by distributing immune cells throughout your body to look for damaged or infected cells, according to that report.

Adults should be getting at least minutes two and a half hours of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise — like walking, jogging, or cycling — or 75 minutes one hour and 15 minutes , of high-intensity aerobic exercise like running every week.

And while taking 10, steps about five miles per day is a common goal, research suggests you may see health benefits with even fewer steps. For instance, one observational study published in the March issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association found that a greater number of daily steps was associated with a lower risk of premature death from any cause.

Of the nearly 5, adults ages 40 and older included in the study, those who walked about 8, steps per day were half as likely to die prematurely as adults who scored 4, steps a day. Those who took 12, steps daily saw slightly more benefits, though researchers concluded increasing step count, regardless of step intensity, was beneficial for lengthening your life span. Strength training at least twice a week is also a boon to your health, fortifying your bones, keeping disease at bay, and improving food processing in the body, per the National Institutes of Health.

Authors of a review published in July in Clinical and Experimental Medicine recommend exercise, including muscle building, to strengthen the immune system and potentially protect against viral infections such as COVID Lin says that time in nature has been shown to support mood, lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and support immune system health.

According to a Frontiers in Psychology article published in August , natural environments contain compounds with known health benefits. For example, many plants emit antimicrobial molecules, such as those formed in the metabolism of fungi and bacteria, that may help lower blood pressure and support immune function. The absence of air pollution may also reduce your risk of heart inflammation, such as myocarditis , and respiratory conditions, the authors wrote.

Sunshine also boosts vitamin D in the body, another huge factor in immune health, according to a past review. The nutrients you get from food — in particular, plant-based foods like fruits , vegetables, herbs, and spices — are essential to keeping your immune system functioning properly, says Lin.

For example, spices like clove, oregano, thyme, cinnamon , and cumin curb the growth of food-spoiling bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens , harmful fungi like Aspergillus flavus , and antibiotic -resistant microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus , according to a review published in June in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences.

Furthermore, the zinc , folate, iron, selenium, copper, and vitamins A, C, E, B6 , and B12 you get from the food you eat are the nutrients your immune system needs to do its job, according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Each one plays a unique role in supporting immune function. Research suggests, for example, that vitamin C deficiency may increase the likelihood of infection, according to a review published November in Nutrients. Our bodies do not produce this essential water-soluble vitamin on their own, so we need to get it through foods such as citrus fruits, kiwis , and several cruciferous vegetables.

Protein is also critical for immune health. The Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health recommends getting your protein from plant sources like legumes, nuts , and seeds whenever possible. Meats like poultry chicken , turkey, and duck and seafood are also good choices, but consume red meat, like unprocessed beef, pork, and lamb, only on a limited basis, the website recommends.

Avoid processed meats like bacon, hot dogs, sausages, and cold cuts. In one study published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases , mice who ate a diet consisting of only 2 percent protein were more severely impacted by the flu than mice who ate a "normal protein" diet with 18 percent protein. But once researchers started feeding the first group a "normal protein" diet, the mice were able to get rid of the virus. Water helps your body produce lymph, which carries white blood cells and other immune system cells.

Try to avoid overdoing beverages that can make you dehydrated, like coffee. Or try eating more hydrating foods , such as cucumbers, celery or watermelon. Learn more about vaccine availability.

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Or Title Magazine if it's about magazine titles. Ibberbo the Magnificent would be good, I'd be a few copies. Certainly yes. GoLeads provides the best leads of Photo magazine subscribers. It provides list of Financial magazine subscribers, Opportunity magazine subscribers, Do it yourself magazine subscribers, Health magazine subscribers, Culinary magazine subscribers, Religious magazine subscribers, and Gardening magazine subscribers.

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They don't have unusual habits. Not usual; uncommon; rare; as, an unusual season; a person of unusual grace or erudition. Log in. Horse Breeding. Study now. See Answer. Best Answer. It included a monthly center foal. Arguably handling of foals and young horses is as important as the breeding — and oft left unnoticed. But our hand-on approach at Templeton Farms allows us the time required to work with each of our foals 1 on 1. We foal out all of our babies here at the farm.

They are handled from birth through sale by well-rounded professionals. They learn to accept the halter and be lead. They learn to cross tie, be groomed, clipped and trimmed or shod. Environment is another key factor. While growing up horses need to be horses, our youngsters are raised in groups on grass pastures an anomaly in California.

However, they have the added benefit of experiencing life within a working training barn. An unusual combination. They are introduced to occasional stall living. They master a trailer, a walker, a round pen and a jump chute. They see other horses training dressage in a covered ring or jumping outdoors. They see tractors, trucks and sometimes the isolated construction project.

Behavioral Problems. Medications and Drugs. Horse Care. Farm and Ranch. Hoof Care. Injuries and First Aid. Parasite Control. Preventative Care. Senior Horse Care.

Tack and Apparel. Most mares return to normal day cycles after the foal heat, but some mares might have an anestrous period after the foal heat, especially if they foal very early in the year when the days are still shorter.

It can help to put them under lights and lengthen their days in the winter months prior to foaling, just as you do open mares to get them to cycle earlier in the year.

Horse Breeding on Foal Heat. Home horse breeding on foal heat. Horse Breeding on Foal Heat A fresh look at a longstanding mare breeding management practice. Aug 31, Ranching , Breeding and foal care , Ranching. Oct 21, Ranching , Ranching , Breeding and foal care. Oct 25, Ranching , Ranching , Horse sales.

When Southdale opened in , it included 72 stores and was anchored by two major department stores, all arranged in a two-level design around a brightly lighted center court. It offered free parking, and its parking spaces were grouped into lots, well marked by clever symbols to aid in locating one's own car in the sea of automobiles.

Not only did Southdale Shopping Center fulfill the vision of its creators as a center of commerce and of social life for suburban residents, it also fueled suburban growth and became a much-imitated model. Email Us.

Visit our Main Website. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. The mall occupies acres and has a parking that can accommodate more than 10, cars. The renovation saw an addition of a new wing at the rear and a food court at the second level.

Penny among others. The mall has 2,, square feet of leasable area and retail spaces. Westfield orchard is a shopping mall located in Chicago metropolitan area of Skokie, Illinois, United States and was founded in It has a total of stores with four anchor tenants.

Previously, it was known as Old Orchard shopping center. It is owned and managed by Northpark Management Company. It is home to a total of seven anchor stores and retail spaces. The parking area has a capacity of 9, cars. Today, the strip mall is still open and hosts retailers like West Elm and Kate Spade. Holiday Village Mall opened with Albertson's as its anchor store.

The mall is still in operation. The mall originally opened with the Brandeis department store and has held major chains like Sears, Target, and Dillard's.

However, the mall is in talks to be demolished and redeveloped , as many of its anchor stores have closed. When the mall first opened, it contained four department stores and 40, additional square feet of retail space.

The mall is still open and has stores, but a few of its main anchors, including Macy's, JCPenney, and Sears have closed. When the Nashua Mall first opened , it was one of the many malls that featured a Woolco Discount Mart. The mall closed in The mall has since been renamed Westfield Garden State Plaza and is one of the most profitable shopping malls in the country.

The mall was remodeled to become an enclosed mall in The use of the historic mall has been uninterrupted since the s , an incredible feat as many malls have closed as a result of the retail apocalypse.

The mall became the first enclosed shopping mall in the Southeast. Over the years, the mall gained "dead mall" status as developers failed to revive it. Today, the mall is anchored by Kmart and Ace Hardware. Not only is The Arcade Cleveland the first indoor shopping center in Ohio, but it's also one of the oldest indoor shopping centers in the entire country.

Penn Square Mall was originally built as an outdoor shopping center, before being enclosed in The mall is still in operation today, with JCPenney, Macy's, and two Dillards stores acting as the mall's anchors. When the Lloyd Center first opened, it claimed to be the largest mall in the country , and it was the largest mall in the Northwest.

After Marshalls and Sears both left the mall, Macy's was left as the mall's only anchor. The strip mall opened in the s with Gimbels as its main anchor. It was enclosed in before reverting back to a strip mall in Midland Mall, later renamed Rhode Island Mall, was declared a "dead mall" in the s after its main anchors left, but the mall was announced to be undergoing redevelopment in The roof was enclosed in , and it has continued to attract business.

When the Western Mall first opened, it had 25 stores inside its enclosed shopping complex, the first of its kind in the state. Western Mall is still home to a movie theater, a Best Buy, and more. When the NorthPark Center first opened, it was the largest climate-controlled retail establishment in the world.

Ahead of the pandemic, the shopping center was a leader among US malls, with more than stores and a commitment to remaining innovative with virtual reality exhibitions and free performances happening frequently. Now closed, Cottonwood Mall was the first enclosed shopping mall in Utah. In , the main building was demolished. The site is now undergoing plans for redevelopment.

The Ethan Allen Shopping Plaza is known as the state's first strip mall. The first enclosed mall, Ballston Quarter, which originally opened as Parkington Shopping Center, would open seven years later in Both shopping destinations are still in operation today.

The open-air shopping center, which originally had only 16 stores , has since grown to its current 5. Middletown Mall was the first large-scale shopping center in the state, as well as the first enclosed mall to open in the state. However, parts have since fallen into disrepair and abandon.

It was originally an outdoor mall but was enclosed in The mall has struggled in recent years, with many of its vacant retail spaces becoming replaced by offices and apartments. However, many of its now-outdoor retail spaces continue to remain in operation. The mall boasted 35, square feet of leasable area at the time. The mall is still in operation today. For you. World globe An icon of the world globe, indicating different international options.

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But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The Civil Rights Act of , which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.

First proposed by The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the s and s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. In the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, the United States found itself in uncharted territory. The Fair Housing Act of prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin or sex. Intended as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of , the bill was the subject of a contentious debate in the Senate, The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law.

It began in the late s and ended in the late s. Although tumultuous at times, the movement was mostly nonviolent and resulted in laws to The 15th Amendment, which sought to protect the voting rights of African American men after the Civil War, was adopted into the U. Constitution in Despite the amendment, by the late s discriminatory practices were used to prevent Black citizens from exercising their The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a series of civil rights protests that occurred in in Alabama, a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies.

In March of that year, in an effort to register Black voters in the South, protesters marching the mile route More than 20 nations around the world had granted women the The original Live TV. Johnson on July 2, , it was a major victory for the civil rights movement in its battle against unjust Jim The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law.

It began in the late s and ended in the late s. Although tumultuous at times, the movement was mostly nonviolent and resulted in laws to The Fair Housing Act of prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin or sex. Intended as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of , the bill was the subject of a contentious debate in the Senate, From the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Here's a look at some of The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a series of civil rights protests that occurred in in Alabama, a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies. In March of that year, in an effort to register Black voters in the South, protesters marching the mile route The Fugitive Slave Acts were a pair of federal laws that allowed for the capture and return of runaway enslaved people within the territory of the United States.

Enacted by Congress in , the first Fugitive Slave Act authorized local governments to seize and return escapees The gay rights movement in the United States has seen huge progress in the last century, and especially the last two decades.

Laws prohibiting homosexual activity have been struck down; lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals can now serve openly in the military.

Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Lead-up to the Civil Rights Act. Recommended for you. Civil Rights Act. Voting Rights Act. Georgetown Law Library Guides U. Search this Guide Search. A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States This guide offers a history of various movements by citizens in the United States to gain political and social freedom and equality.

It highlights resources available through the library and also offers a list of current civil rights organizations. Texas Proposition 8 Obergefell v. Holder , U. This caused a ripple effect among several states, such as Alabama, Arizona, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin, all of whom have passed voter ID laws that removed online voter registration, early voting, same-day registration, and pre-registration for teens about to turn In each case, the laws have become more restrictive.

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It's been very difficult because So it's been very hard for both me and her to adjust to me being her 'sister mom,'" she added. She's lived with her mom her entire life and now she had to uproot and move out of that home and move in with us.

Months later, the Mama June: From Not to Hot star revealed in an Instagram video in August that she and Geno had hit the six-month milestone in their sobriety journey. FB Tweet More. Lauryn Shannon and Alana Thompson. You'll get the latest updates on this topic in your browser notifications.

As a consequence, she lost custody of her only minor child, Alana Thompson, best-known as Honey Boo Boo, who is now in the care of her oldest sister, Lauryn Shannon.

Fighting her for custody is her former husband, Mike "Sugar Bear" Thompson. In effect, Alana became the family meal ticket. Mama June, whose personal history is littered with unsavory men, two of them convicted sex offenders, divorced Alana's father Mike "Sugar Bear" Thompson in and subsequently initiated a relationship with Geno Doak.

Doak has a long criminal record, which includes burglary and theft, to which is now added the possession of crack cocaine. The drugs in question were found in Mama June's car at a gas station in Alabama and led to the couple's apprehension and indictment on drug charges. Consequently, Alana was removed from her mother's care and placed with her sister Lauryn, 20 , best known to audiences as "Pumpkin. Thompson, who is happily remarried to Jennifer Lamb Thompson , is now suing for primary custody of Alana and determined to give his teenage daughter a stable home environment.

Thompson's wife Jennifer extolled Mama June:. You need to put your man aside, get rid of him, go to rehab and get back home to your girls.

This is the second time that Thompson and Mama June are fighting for custody of Alana. Performance Performance. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.

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For differing on views on why different historians think Cromwell is significant, have a look at the Cromwell Association website. You can also get a flavour of Cromwell's life, career and significance through this video with our Curator:. Cromwell at the Battle of Naseby, Early 19th century painting by Abraham Cooper. Home Cromwell Significance. Why is Cromwell Important? He rose to become the first commoner to become Head of State in British history.

Cromwell divides opinions: partly this is down to those after the Restoration who wanted blacken his name, partly because some of his actions, such as his Irish campaign, were controversial even during his lifetime and continue to cause discussion and debate even today. Civilians, as well as those bearing arms, were subject to violence and some historians have dubbed his actions in Ireland as being reminiscent of ethnic cleansing in their brutality.

In , he was ceremonially re-installed as Lord Protector at Westminster Hall in an event which closely mirrored a coronation. The office of Lord Protector was not hereditary, but Cromwell could nominate his own successor.

Jews were allowed to re-enter and settle in England following their expulsion in in the hope that they would aid economic and commercial recovery in England. A popular military leader and an experienced politician, he managed to balance these two powerful forces in a way which no one else could. Cromwell died in September , possibly from septicaemia following a urinary infection.

He was buried with great pomp and circumstance at Westminster Abbey with a funeral based on that of James I. Two years later, in , his body was exhumed and subject to posthumous execution. His head was then displayed on a spike outside Westminster Abbey until It changed hands several times subsequently before being reburied in at Sidney Sussex College Chapel, Cambridge.

TV A new online only channel for history lovers. Sign Me Up. Oliver was one of 10 children, and the only boy to survive infancy. Robert passed away in June , which led to Cromwell leaving Cambridge without completing his degree to return to the homestead to support his mother and seven unmarried sisters.

On his small income Cromwell supported both his wife and his ever expanding family Oliver and Elizabeth had nine children in all, although only six survived into adulthood. As the only surviving son himself, Cromwell was also tasked with supporting his widowed mother, who outlived her husband by a further 37 years. Cromwell relocated to the Cambridgeshire town of St Ives in and then to Ely in following the inheritance of property from his maternal uncle.

However, whilst Cromwell became an MP for Cambridge he was not significantly involved in national politics until the s. The summer of saw the outbreak of the first English Civil War between the Royalists, the supporters of King Charles I who claimed that the King should have absolute power as his divine right as king, and the Parliamentarians who favoured a constitutional monarchy and later the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords completely.

Colloquially, Royalists were also called Cavaliers in reference to the Latin caballarius , meaning horseman and in Henry IV, Part 2 Shakespeare used the word to describe a haughty member of the gentry.

Both names were used derisively by their opponents. From the very beginning Cromwell was a committed member of the parliamentary army. Westminster Hall above, left where the trial of King Charles I took place, and his subsequent execution above, right. Cromwell led the English military campaigns to establish control of Ireland in and later Scotland in This resulted in the end of the Civil War with a Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September and the introduction of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Cromwell was appointment to Lord General, effectively commander in chief, of the parliamentary armed forces in In December , Cromwell became Lord Protector, a role in which he remained until his death five years later.

Kienle, J. Johnston , H. Schmincke , J. Kienle , and M. Utting , Univ. Juergen Kienle reports that seismicity at Augustine began to increase last summer for the first time since , when the volcano last erupted. Between 12 July and 7 August, approximately shallow microearthquakes were recorded each day on Augustine's network of four seismic stations. An intense peak occurred on 22 February between and , when 70 microearthquakes were recorded on the seismometer less than 1 km from the dome, 2 hours before USGS scientists flew over the volcano and reported active degassing see below.

These microearthquakes were all shallow and indicate fracturing and degassing of the dome. The following is a report from M. The plume rose to an estimated altitude of more than 3 km.

Seismic recorders at the USGS office in Anchorage, which monitor some of the University of Alaska Geophysical Institute seismometers, had shown an increase in small events near Augustine, beginning 13 February. On 20 and 21 February, the USGS began receiving reports from observers in Homer km NE of Augustine and from pilots flying near the volcano that it was vigorously steaming. The main fumarolic vent was in the moat E of the dome.

During the observations between and , fumarolic activity was continuous and steady. The plume was whitish, with a few grayish wisps. The SE and W sectors of the snow-covered cone were lightly dusted with ash, believed to be comminuted portions of the dome.

No sign of avalanches or falling blocks from the dome were observed. During a 28 February overflight, USGS personnel noted an increase in the amount and area of fumarolic activity compared to 22 February. Augustine may be following its traditional pattern of slowly forcing the summit dome up followed by dome destruction and pyroclastic flow activity. No plume had been visible on 13 March, and clouds obscured the area March.

Yount , T. Strong explosions send clouds to A series of powerful explosions March sent eruption clouds into the stratosphere and generated pyroclastic flows that reached the sea.

Ash was deposited over a wide area and international air traffic was disrupted. Yount reports that "Augustine began to erupt during the early morning of 27 March. Observers in fishing boats 55 km SE of the volcano and ashore in Homer, km ENE, reported 'orange flashes' of light and 'smoke and fire' from the volcano between and The leading edge of the main plume moved up the E side of Cook Inlet, depositing an estimated 1.

Numerous major eruptive events with column heights estimated at 9. Major bursts were recorded at , , , and During 27 March several lahars were generated on the S flank of the volcano, and pyroclastic flow activity was reported.

Pyroclastic flows down the N flank. Most were of insufficient volume or speed to reach the sea. On 29 and 30 March, a continuous eruptive plume with varying ash content rose to elevations of During periods of high plume ash content, pyroclastic flows were spilling from the summit vent area at a rate of one every minutes figure 3. As before, most did not reach the sea. This burst was accompanied by large pyroclastic flows which entered the sea on both sides of the University of Alaska Geophysical Institute's Burr Point Cabin on the N side of the island generating billowing white plumes to 1.

Both seismicity and ash content of the plume tapered off after 31 March. On 29 March, a Sabena Airlines DC suffered significant abrasion of windshield and turbine parts while descending to Anchorage airport in near zero visibility conditions caused by ash in the atmosphere. Businesses and offices in Anchorage closed early on 27 March after requests from the utility company to curtail electrical usage because of potential shutdowns of turbine generators.

Postal service was disrupted. An air quality health alert was in effect on 28 March due to high particulate concentrations. Total SO 2 content was significant, but its magnitude has not yet been determined. Many images from the NOAA 6 and 9 polar orbiting weather satellites showed plumes, extending as much as km from Augustine.

NOAA scientists estimated possible plume heights by comparing radiosonde data on wind directions at various altitudes with directions of plume movement observed on satellite images table 1. Estimates ranged to 24 km, but elevations often could not be determined uniquely because of similar wind patterns at different altitudes. Infrared imagery generally showed a hot spot over the volcano, where heat saturated the temperature sensors. Table 1. Dimensions of plumes from Augustine, 27 March-6 April , derived from polar-orbiting weather satellite images.

Plume heights are estimated by comparing wind data collected at known altitudes by nearby radiosondes with observed directions of plume movement. Multiple altitude estimates are given when plume behavior correlated with similar wind patterns at more than one elevation.

On the 27th, the island's five seismic stations recorded intense high-frequency shallow seismicity. Superimposed pulses that saturated the instruments for several-minute periods were believed to be associated with eruptive bursts.

These occurred during periods of increased seismic intensity at island stations and were associated with reports of ash bursts. Seismicity continued with variable intensity over the next few days.

Seismometers on the N side of the island sensed more activity than those on the other flanks, presumably indicating passage of pyroclastic flows down that side of the volcano. On 31 March, a large seismic event, associated with the last major ash explosion, began at and lasted approximately 15 minutes. The signal contained three major pulses and had an average magnitude of 2. Seismicity was quiet for a day, then resumed briefly before ceasing to be recorded at seismometers 28 km away figure 6.

During the first week of April, poor weather conditions precluded systematic observation of the volcano, but continuous seismicity indicated that a continuous plume, carrying variable amounts of ash, was being emitted from the volcano. During an overflight on 2 April, pyroclastic flows were observed advancing down the N side of the volcano.

On 3 April an airplane pilot reported a plume to 3 km. During an overflight on 6 April, "boil-over" type pyroclastic flows were being emitted from the volcano.

During the same day, from separate aircraft, Juergen Kienle and USGS scientists were able to make their first good observation of the summit. They both noted that most of the dome was still intact, with some loss on the S side. There were no signs of a new dome. On 10 April, Kienle noted that: 1 A virtually continuous plume containing variable amounts of ash had been emitted from the summit since the eruption's onset.

Sampling on the island had been impossible, but fine brown ash appeared to cover the entire island. These data suggested to Kienle that only phreatic or phreatomagmatic activity had occurred, produced by dike injection to approximately sea level, where magma came into contact with the water table. Tom Gosink reports that preliminary chemical analysis of ash shows that low-sulfur, high-silica, andesitic material was ejected from the 28 March eruption table 2. The 2 April eruption was distinctly richer in silica, particularly the fine 3, up to 1, ppm, were measured, associated almost exclusively with the fine particles.

Lead was detected to only 10 ppm concentrations in all of the ash except the 2 April fine material, in which more than 80 ppm was measured. Table 2. Analyses of Augustine ash, by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence at the University of Alaska, showing changes with time and particle size.

Yount and T. Matson , G. Stephens , and O. Krueger , GSFC. New lava dome in summit crater; details on pyroclastic flows and seismicity. Miller report that "A USGS overflight of Augustine on 24 April established the presence of new lava dome material in the moat between the remnants of the dome and the SW rim of the summit crater.

Hot blocks were spalling off the NW side of the new dome, avalanching down a gully on the W side of the dome. Small ash-rich fumaroles were active on the dome's entire N flank. During the flight, a burst of white vapor that lasted for several minutes appeared from the dome's NW base.

Observers on a night flight 24 April, using US Army night vision goggles, were able to see incandescent material all around the dome. Although the summit was obscured on 25 April, observers were able to see a blocky flow in the chute on the dome's E side. On 27 April it was apparent that the lava flow originated from the summit crater, draping the E side of the dome. Small pyroclastic flows were observed that day on the dome's NW side.

Samples collected on 28 April from the toe of the lava flow are silicic andesite, as are breadcrusted pumiceous material from the pyroclastic flows. Seismicity indicated that the dome was actively building between approximately 22 April and the late evening of 28 April, when the almost constant tremor abruptly died out.

Juergen Kienle reports that "After the strong explosive activity that began on 27 March and ended with a major explosion on 31 March at , the volcano was visited by helicopter on 19 and 28 April and 6 May. The following are preliminary results from those field investigations. Pyroclastic flows. March 31 was the only day on which pyroclastic flows entered the sea, 5 km from the vent.

A strong odor of Halogen gas Cl 2 , possibly F 2 , Br 2 was detected when crossing the still-steaming areas where flows had entered the sea. The flows were strongly inflated on 19 April, almost 3 weeks after emplacement. Driftwood on the beach was charred; one log was charcoaled, indicating that it had caught on fire. The NW flow lobe had buried a former fresh-water lake and a brackish-water swamp area. In that area we noted several small phreatic explosion craters, about 10 m in diameter.

There were rare banded pumices and occasional breadcrusted blocks. Individual flow units were about m thick. The bulk chemistry of one of the breadcrusted blocks is given in table 3 sample 4.

Table 3. Using 11 km 2 we obtain 0. Individual locatable earthquakes are now rarely recorded. Figure 8 shows a count of individual pyroclastic flows or rock avalanches 31 March May. The plot thus essentially shows periods of intense dome deformation.

Figure 9 shows one of the avalanches that would have been counted, descending the N flank of the volcano to about the m level. It was photographed from our N flank seismic station 2 km from the vent on 19 April at That station was damaged and a solar panel was incinerated by a hot blast associated with pyroclastic flow activity on 31 March. Parts of the installation protruding above ground antennas, masts, and solar panel were pockmarked with dents from flying rock.

Fortunately the buried electronics box and batteries were not damaged and the station has continued to operate uninterruptedly up to 10 May. Significant avalanche activity was observed 20 April May, a period of strong dome transformation. Figure 10 is a hypocentral cross section for events occurring 27 March April.

The plot shows that most earthquakes occurred in the upper 2 km of the volcano. Figure 11 is a digital playback for 3 individual events showing their great similarity.

We speculate that they are produced by meltwater contacting the central glowing conduit and flashing the water rhythmically to steam. On 6 May, Tom Miller thought that he could see puffing of the eruption column in spite of the strong winds that drove the plume down to the shore. He also noted that new snow had fallen and was melting. Dome growth. As of 6 May its height was m with a base diameter of m and a volume of about 0.

Its surface was blocky and spiny. An active vent was located in the SSW corner of the crater, a source of numerous boil-over pyroclastic flows. Slabs of glowing rock frequently spilled off the N face of the dome as seen by Kienle on 28 April. Five XRF chemical analyses of ejecta are listed in table 3. The bulk chemistry shows an interesting trend toward less silicic magma as the eruption proceeded.

Ballistic bombs collected on 19 April on the S flank near Bench Mark Kamishaki sample 3 and a breadcrust block sample 4 collected from the NE lobe of the pyroclastic flows are believed to have been ejected on 31 March. The high SiO 2 content The eruption of Augustine has thus far followed a quite different course from the eruption, which began with a violent vent-clearing phase, followed by a day repose, in turn followed by intrusion of a new dome. During the present eruption, a vent-clearing phase never occurred.

The pre-existing dome was slowly transformed into a new dome. March 31 was the only day of substantial production of highly vesiculated magma, ejected as large blocks on all flanks of the volcano but predominantly as pyroclastic flows down the N flank.

There are no sub-plinian pumice fall deposits on the island. A pathway for the vesiculating material was probably eroded out of the pre-existing conduit the dome on 31 March. This open conduit continues to produce occasional small-volume pyroclastic flows and was the source of the peculiar "percolator-like" seismicity described above, as meltwater interacted with new hot conduit rock.

The most remarkable feature of the eruption thus far is how well lithostatic pressure has confined the eruption, which was never particularly violent in spite of the fact that the beginning phase shows clear evidence of phreato-magmatic processes due to the interaction of ground water near sea level with the rising magma. If any of the pre-existing structures dome, dome, or dome had collapsed catastrophically, the unloading would have very likely produced much more violent activity.

Kienle , C. Rowe , J. Power , and L. Nye and J. Following the extrusion of its new dome between [23] and 28 April, activity at Augustine decreased rapidly. As of 7 June, a variable steam plume carrying small amounts of ash was still being emitted from the summit, occasionally to 3 km altitude. Scientists on the island 6 and 7 June noted an intense sulfur odor in the plume and a strong halogen smell on the pyroclastic flows.

As of 11 June, tens of individual earthquakes were being recorded daily by the seismometer on the N flank of the volcano, indicating brittle fracturing of the cooling dome.

Active degassing of Augustine continued following the major dome extrusion phase of April. During field studies from late June through mid-July, no major changes were noted in the morphology of the new dome, although slow dome growth appeared to be continuing as seen by occasional dome-collapse pyroclastic flows and incandescent rockfalls. Merapi-type pyroclastic flows extending km down the N flank were observed in late evening on 26 June, around noon 1 July, and at on 17 July.

Inspection of seismic records suggested that they occurred on other occasions as well. A coarse debris flow, m thick at its terminus, was observed on 2 July and was probably emplaced during a rainstorm the previous night. It stopped 2 km from the summit within the axial levees of the NW pyroclastic flow. Active fumaroles covered much of its surface, and incandescent cracks were observed. Intense fuming prevented ground observations of the dome while geologists were at the summit, but an overflight confirmed that the dome was emplaced within a crater in a remnant of the dome.

The top of the new dome was lower than the crescent-shaped remnant of the dome on the S side of the crater, and was roughly comparable to the elevation of the dome remnant on the NW side. The most vigorous fuming originated from vents in the moat between the new dome and a ramp below the dome. Fumarole condensates had a pH of between 0 and 0. Helens in December An adjacent hole showed isothermal convection at the boiling point for the upper 1. At press time continuous noise on seismic records from to on 20 August indicated that an explosive eruption had taken place.

The following is from Juergen Kienle. Renewed dome growth resulted in intense pyroclastic flow activity and plumes rose to 2,, m. Incandescent samples of a newly extruded spine were collected by Tom Miller and Kienle on 11 September.

The following is a summary of preliminary field observations. Observations from overflights and fishing boats. The onset of activity coincided with the full moon, the peak range of the fortnightly earth and ocean tides. Light brown dust was trailing SE to Cape Douglas, 50 km away. Other pilots reported plumes to m. That evening , the crew of a fishing boat NW of the volcano observed incandescent pyroclastic flows descending the northern flanks of the volcano.

At noon the next day, Tom Miller overflew the mountain and reported very modest ash emissions to a few hundred meters above the vent. Glow was seen from a fishing boat on 25 August.

Miller overflew the volcano again August, observing pyroclastic flows and small eruption clouds that rose to 1,, m above the volcano. The summit was partially obscured by orographic clouds. Earthquake activity had declined dramatically since the end of the major 27 March-early May eruptive phase. No buildup of seismicity preceded the present dome growth episode.

However, it should be noted that during periods of intense avalanching or pyroclastic flow activity, the seismic background noise is so high that we cannot recognize individual microearthquakes. Starting on August, we noticed a decided increase in surface events, with more than 50 events counted daily between 21 and 31 August. As of 13 September, the surface event activity had declined to the low summer background level.

On 28 August, the ash plume reached about 2, m and prevailing winds carried it to uninhabited areas NW of the volcano. The entire W, N, and E slopes were heavily covered with wet ash all the way to the beach. Leaves and wildflowers were wilted brown from heavy ash accumulation and passage of SO 2 clouds. During the day, we managed to observe many pyroclastic flows at close range; figure 16 shows one descending the N flank around noon.

Usually, pyroclastic flow activity followed intense rock avalanches high on the dome. Unfortunately, the dome was obscured by clouds and we could not see the rockfalls but they were distinctly audible. On one occasion, we clearly felt a strong pressure pulse preceding the emergence of a pyroclastic flow from under the clouds. The pulse followed intense rockfall activity. We interpret the pressure pulse as a vesiculation event on the dome when fresh magma became exposed at the surface after a rock avalanche.

The pyroclastic flows essentially free-fall off the very steep dome. Farther downslope, the flows decelerated rapidly and stopped at about m altitude, 2. There were 2 principal avalanche tracks down the northern flanks. Pelee in The pyroclastic flows moved in silence, unheard even from very close range m. This is in striking contrast to the loud rattle of rock avalanches high on the dome that preceded the pyroclastic flows.

Sounds of the colliding blocks within the pyroclastic flow avalanche are apparently muffled by the elutriating fine ash. The compactness of the cauliflower cloud and observed lightning flashes lend credence to Perret's hypothesis that the dense clouds may be held together electrostatically opposite charges of steam and ash.

The basal avalanche below the rolling cauliflower clouds moved in spurts. Its thickness was probably less than a few meters. Forward-springing jets composed of relatively fine sand-sized material were clearly observed by Kienle at the snout of the avalanche.

Jets or narrow sheets of this material emerged from the top surface of the moving basal avalanche and were thrown diagonally downwards ahead of the moving flow, immediately to be overrun by the following avalanche, suggesting that a retrograde rotor turbulence was operating at the flow front. Occasionally, the basal avalanche would override and entrap a pocket of cold air behind an obstacle such as large rocks. Heating and expansion of the entrapped air caused sudden boils in the moving avalanche seconds later.

Meter-sized pumice blocks were seen emerging continuously from the flanks of the flows, leaving beautiful levees on the sides of the pyroclastic flow channels. Where we observed the flows, they were eroding, leaving U-shaped channels m wide with 2-m-high pumice levees on both sides.

Some flows also left one or more central furrows. This suggests that longitudinal turbulent rolling motions occur within the pyroclastic flows. However, we could not observe this from our viewpoint to one side of the flows. We did not notice any indraft adjacent to the pyroclastic flows, nor any incandescence, even at night, probably because they were relatively small.

Individual flows left a hot inflated gray fine ash deposit about 50 cm thick where we studied it at the m level. Larger pyroclastic flows on 28 August resulted in sand-sized ashfalls to the shoreline on the N and NW flanks. A large cloud produced by two merging pyroclastic flows passed overhead at the Burr Point camp 6 km N of the summit at , showering sand-sized particles on us for about 5 minutes. The sand was not hot. Miller and Kienle visited the crater on 11 September.

A new spine, about 10 m high, occupied the small crater that had existed on top of the dome during the summer. Concentric ring fractures and alternating circles of moats and arches attest to endogenous dome growth and final extrusion of a spine above the central magma stem.

New material was also added to the N face of the dome since we had last seen it on 17 July. Temperatures of March-April pyroclastic flows. Cooling is now taking place from the bottom and top of the deposits, with a temperature reversal below 4. Further References. Rose, W. B5, p. Swanson, S. Augustine: field test of a hazard evaluation: JGR, v. Yount, M. Kienle and J. When first observed, the plume was described as dirty steam with dark streaks at to m altitude, but it rose to about 2,, m altitude within several minutes.

At , on their return from Kodiak to Anchorage, the pilots observed the plume spreading E and topping out slightly higher than m altitude. The volcano has emitted steam continuously since its eruption. Less than 4 minutes before the plume was first observed, an earthquake with an epicenter of The event occurred at and was located by the Alaska Tsunami Warning Center at a depth of km with a local magnitude of 4. The University of Alaska Geophysical Institute seismic network detected two Augustine earthquakes at about and with above-normal magnitudes about 1.

Geologists returned to Augustine in July for additional monitoring of magnetic changes, deformation, and fumarolic activity. The following is from the Alaska Volcano Observatory. Magnetic data Dan Dzurisin.

Little change had occurred since the previous measurement in June , although similar measurements on the Mt. Geologists suggested that the proximity of a relatively active magmatic system at Augustine may retard cooling of the dome, or that differing rock magnetic properties may account for apparent differences in cooling rates. Deformation Gene Iwatsubo and John Power.

The deformation network established in June was reoccupied in early July , and several additional EDM lines were added. Preliminary data showed no significant changes in the lengths of pre-existing lines, indicating that no deformation was occurring to the cone and summit dome complex. Gas measurements Robert Symonds and Robert Andres. July fieldwork indicated that fumarolic activity had decreased significantly since the previous gas measurements in August Eruptions begin 11 January and eight outbursts occur by late January.

This report covers events from May through 26 January By late January there had been eight eruptions. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA message pointed out that life-threatening costly damages can occur to aircraft that fly through an eruption cloud. It added that the Federal Aviation Administration put NOAA's information to work, giving air traffic managers and controllers a heads-up to ensure airspace safety around the volcano as well as along the forecast trajectory of the ash plumes.

The geography of the Cook Inlet, where Augustine is located, is shown on figure The last major eruption of Augustine was in March Between mid-July and early August , seismicity at Augustine began to increase.

On 17 February an explosion plume was observed over the volcano. Seismicity intensified after the end of February. On 27 March explosions sent eruption clouds into the stratosphere and generated pyroclastic flows that reached the sea.

Explosive activity, ash plumes, and pyroclastic flows continued through August and September , and Augustine steamed continuously through at least July BGVN , , Current eruption. The AVO website presents observations and remarkable photos documenting eruptive stages seen thus far.

These earthquakes slowly increased from per day to per day. Data from a Global Positioning System GPS network on Augustine indicated that a slow, steady inflation of the volcano started in mid-summer , continuing until the present. This was the first such deformation detected at Augustine since measurements began just prior to the eruption.

On 29 November AVO raised the Concern Color Code from Green to Yellow after recording important long-term changes in seismicity and ground deformation consistent with renewed volcanic unrest.

Seismicity remained at elevated levels during 30 November to 12 December During December, changes in the style of earthquake activity at the volcano were recorded, and there were reports of gas emissions and steaming.

On 12 December a steam plume visible on video and satellite images extended 75 km SE figure During a 12 December flyover, AVO scientists saw profuse steaming from numerous summit fumaroles, emanating mainly from behind the lava dome. Several energetic fumaroles were also located m down the SE flank.

A gas-and-steam plume extended 75 km SE. Reports during December mentioned that residents E of the volcano smelled sulfur; and the reports noted intervals of elevated seismicity, and several small steam explosions. A gas-measurement flight on 20 December detected SO 2 for the first time at Augustine since routine airborne measurements began in the early s.

Aerial observations and analysis of photography and video of the summit area indicated some deformation within the summit crater area. A crack or fissure was noted cutting the lava dome and extending to the SE figure Heavy steam from this feature, along with patches of bare ground, indicated an increase in the summit's heat output.

The imaging confirmed the presence of a new, high-temperature fumarole or gas vent located high on Augustine's S flank. Seismicity decreased during the last week of December compared to the previous week; but steam and gas emissions continued. AVO scientists visited the volcano to install additional GPS receivers and deploy additional ash-collection devices. Observations continued to suggest that new magma was present.

The level of seismicity was still well below that observed just prior to the eruption. During the first week of January , seismicity increased slightly compared to the previous week. The volcano continued to steam vigorously from several summit fumaroles.

AVO scientists visited the volcano to install additional seismic monitoring equipment, to deploy additional ash-collection devices, and to undertake helicopter-aided thermal surveys of the summit area. The high-temperature fumarole or gas vent on Augustine's upper S flank, previously reported on for 22 December, had cooled significantly, but elevated temperatures were detected at one summit fumarole imaged through the steam and gas.

Although fumarole temperatures varied, there were no significant changes in the distribution of thermal features compared to the previous survey. A gas-measurement flight detected a significant increase in SO 2 compared to 20 December. Earthquake activity beneath Augustine had increased markedly, indicating the heightened possibility of an explosive eruption within hours to days.

Satellite data confirmed that an ash cloud was produced and, in collaboration with the National Weather Service NWS , the top of the cloud was estimated at 9 km altitude.

By , the ash cloud had traveled 40 km E and 50 km N. An ash-fall advisory was issued by the NWS at Seismicity decreased significantly after the explosions.

During an 11 January afternoon overflight, AVO scientists observed a pure white steam cloud rising to about 3. Little volcanic ash was observed on the island itself, but volcanic mudflows were evident on the E, S, and W sides of the volcano figure A brown haze in the air was observed over the central part of Cook Inlet.

After the eruption on 11 January, seismic activity declined. Explosive eruptions on 13 and 14 January produced clouds of volcanic ash and flows of mud and rock fragments.

A marked increase in seismicity early on 13 January preceded an eruption interval that began at around and ended around NWS subsequently reported ash heights of 10 km altitude. Other explosive events followed on 13 January, occurring at , , figure 21 and ; and on 14 January at figure Each of these events produced ash plumes, mudflows, and pyroclastic flows on the island.

Ash clouds surpassed 9 km altitude, as reported by pilots and determined by radar data provided by the National Weather Service NWS. Ash was carried to the E-SE and light ash falls were reported in communities of the southwestern Kenai Peninsula. According to preliminary assessment by Pavel Izbekov Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks and AVO , the majority of ash particles in the 13 January seemed to be juvenile, though there are large variations in the morphology of ash particles as well as the composition of matrix glass.

Enlargements of two ash grains appear in figures 23 and These diffuse ash-and-gas clouds were presumably from Augustine's explosive events on 13 January. Seismicity declined in the 30 hours after the event early on 14 January, and AVO downgraded the color code from Red to Orange.

The level of seismic activity at the volcano remained above background. On 17 January an explosive eruption began at and ended at Seismic and pressure-sensor data indicated numerous small explosions, which could produce small amounts of low-level ash and could initiate small rock avalanches on the flanks.

AVO raised the concern color from Orange to Red. A flight later on 17 January disclosed a brown ashy haze lingering over the island. Occasional views through the haze showed that most of the lava dome that formed following the 14 January eruption was destroyed in the explosion of 17 January. Observations made during a flight on the afternoon of 18 January indicated that the summit was steaming vigorously, consistent with the formation of a new lava dome. Evidence of explosive ejection of volcanic bombs included circular craters the size of large trucks seen on the NW flank.

Block-and-ash-flow deposits with car-sized blocks produced by dome collapse covered parts of the SE flank. Surge deposits were observed on the NW flank. A white steam plume was observed rising to about 2, m altitude before it trailed off as a bluish haze to the E. Little to no ash appeared to be present in the plume. After the eruption at on 17 January, seismicity diminished significantly and AVO lowered the color code from Red to Orange late on 18 January.

By the morning of 19 January seismicity remained fixed at lower levels; it decreased further on 20 January but still stood above background. Periods of quiescence and low seismicity in the intervals between eruptive events are not unusual at Augustine, having occurred during the and eruptive episodes. By 25 January seismic activity at Augustine remained low but above background levels. During January, satellite observations indicated the persistence of faint thermal anomalies.

On 26 January steaming continued at the summit figure January eruptions; pyroclastic flows, ash plumes, and aviation hazards. Following a period of increased seismicity at Augustine that began in May , discrete seismic events on 9 and 11 December may have perturbed the hydrothermal system, initiating small steam explosions.

On 12 December, a plume extended 75 km SE of the volcano, and its S and E flanks were dusted with ash likely non-juvenile. Additional steam explosions took place later in the month, and the smell of sulfur was reported by residents in villages on the E side of Cook Inlet. The first major eruptions at Augustine occurred on 11 January , when two discrete explosions produced an ash cloud that reached 9 km altitude BGVN and the Concern Color Code was raised to Red.

Further eruptions occurred on 13, 14, and 17 January. By the morning of 19 January seismicity remained fixed at lower levels; it decreased further on 20 January but was still above background.

During January, satellite observations indicated the persistence of faint thermal anomalies and steaming continued at the summit. Occasional intervals of increased seismicity were observed for the next few days. On 27 January an explosive eruption began at about and lasted for 9 minutes.

AVO raised the color code from Orange to Red. Augustine erupted again at on 27 January This event lasted 1 minute and no ash was detected above 3 km. A third eruption occurred at on 28 January and lasted 2 minutes.

A fourth eruption occurred at on 28 January and lasted 3 minutes; the ash cloud drifted SE at a maximum altitude of 7. Another explosive event began at on 28 January. Seismic activity continued and continuous ash emission was observed in AVO web camera images. Webley, Kenneson G. Dean, Jonathan Dehn, John E. Wessels, Michelle L. Coombs, David J. Schneider, Jonathan Dehn, and Michael S.

Ramsey page PDF; West, Stephen Blake and David A. Rothery page PDF; 4. Sentman, Stephen R. McNutt, Hans C. Thomas, Stephen R. McNutt, Paul R. McGee, Michael P. Doukas, Robert G. McGimsey, Christina A. Neal, and Rick L. Adleman, Cheryl E. Cameron, Seth F. Snedigar, Christina A. Neal, and Kristi L. Wallace page PDF; 2. Neal, Thomas L. Murray, John A. Power, Jennifer N. Adleman, Paul M. Whitmore, and Jeffery M. Osiensky page PDF; kB.

Last modified April 19, First posted December 10, Note: The next link is to a single file that is so large it would half-fill a CD-ROM; it will take a long time to download once you select it.

Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. Power, J. Geological Survey Professional Paper , p.

Buurman, Helena and West, M. Jacobs, K. McNutt, S. DeShon, H. Fisher, M. Lalla, D. Coombs, M. Wallace, K. Vallance, J. Waitt, R. Reid, M.

Larsen, J. Augustine Island has a land area of The irregular coastline of Augustine Island is due to the repeated catastrophic collapse of the summit dome, forming debris avalanches down the flanks and into Cook Inlet.

Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary strata form a bench on the south side of the island and are overlain by granitoid glacial erratics and volcanic hyaloclastites. The volcano consists of a central dome and lava flow complex, surrounded by pyroclastic debris.

Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate or Cfa — typical of the Gulf and South Atlantic states.

MP4 is one of the most commonly used file formats that are compatible with working with the majority of portable devices and media players. The method refers to all the well-known method of compression of the MPEG group.

Considering the definition, history, and application, it can be concluded that MPEG4 is an encoding algorithm that defines how the images are compressed and then converted to data.

Few MPEG4 formats like. The program has a simple-to-use interface that allows conversion between various file formats with just a few steps. The software allows converting files without any quality loss and also supports batch processing for multiple files. The selected MPEG file will be added to the software interface. Finally, click Convert to start the conversion process.

You will see the converted video from the Finished tab. Free Download Free Download. Watch in action. Files with MPEG4 suffix can be copied to any mobile device or system platform, but it may not be possible to open them properly on target system. Being unable to open files with MPEG4 extension can be have various origins. In most cases they can be addressed swiftly and effectively without assistance from a specialist.

The list below will guide you through the process of addressing the encountered problem. The most common reason for such problems is the lack of proper applications that supports MPEG4 files installed on the system.

This one is an easy one. On the top of the page a list that contains all programs grouped based on operating systems supported can be found. If you want to download QuickTime Player installer in the most secured manner, we suggest you visit Apple, Inc. If you already have QuickTime Player installed on your systems and MPEG4 files are still not opened properly, check if you have the latest version of the software. Software developers may implement support for more modern file formats in updated versions of their products.

All of the file formats that were handled just fine by the previous versions of given program should be also possible to open using QuickTime Player. If you have the latest version of QuickTime Player installed and the problem persists, select it as the default program to be used to manage MPEG4 on your device.

The next step should pose no problems. The procedure is straightforward and largely system-independent. You closely followed the steps listed in points , but the problem is still present? You should check whether the file is a proper MPEG4 file. It is probable that the file is corrupted and thus cannot be accessed. If the file is infected, the malware that resides in the MPEG4 file hinders attempts to open it.

Immediately scan the file using an antivirus tool or scan the whole system to ensure the whole system is safe. MPEG-4 video - definition. However various file extensions are also commonly used to indicate the content inside the MP4 container: MPEG-4 files with audio and video generally use the standard.

Audio-only MPEG-4 files generally have a.

How do they work? And are we really at risk? In this Spotlight, we survey their history and potential future. This can include bacteria, viruses, or fungi. These agents are used to incapacitate or kill humans, animals, or plants as part of a war effort. In effect, biological warfare is using non-human life to disrupt — or end — human life.

Because living organisms can be unpredictable and incredibly resilient, biological weapons are difficult to control, potentially devastating on a global scale, and prohibited globally under numerous treaties. The history of biological warfare is a long one, which makes sense; its deployment can be a lo-fi affair, so there is no need for electrical components, nuclear fusion, or rocket grade titanium, for instance. Consuming the tainted water produced a confused mental state, hallucinations, and, in some cases, death.

In the s, Tartar Mongol warriors besieged the Crimean city of Kaffa. During the siege, many Tartars died at the hands of plague, and their lifeless, infected bodies were hurled over the city walls. Some researchers believe that this tactic may have been responsible for the spread of Black Death plague into Europe. If so, this early use of biological warfare caused the eventual deaths of around 25 million Europeans.

In an attempt to spread the disease to the locals, the Brits presented blankets from a smallpox hospital as gifts. Although we now know that this would be a relatively ineffective way to transmit smallpox, the intent was there. During World War II, many of the parties involved looked into biological warfare with great interest. The Allies built facilities capable of mass producing anthrax spores, brucellosis, and botulism toxins.

Thankfully, the war ended before they were used. It was the Japanese who made the most use of biological weapons during World War II, as among other terrifyingly indiscriminate attacks, the Japanese Army Air Force dropped ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague on Ningbo, China. The following quote comes from a paper on the history of biological warfare. Friedrich Frischknecht, professor of integrative parasitology, Heidelberg University, Germany.

This can be achieved in a number of ways, such as: via aerosol sprays; in explosive devices; via food or water; or absorbed or injected into skin.

Because some pathogens are less robust than others, the type of pathogen used will define how it can be deployed. Utilizing such weapons holds a certain appeal to terrorists; they have the potential to cause great harm, of course, but they are also fairly cheap to produce when compared with missiles or other more hi-tech equipment.

Biological weapons can be difficult to control or predict in a battlefield situation, since there is a substantial risk that troops on both sides will be affected. In , powdered anthrax spores were deliberately put into letters that were mailed through the U.

Twenty-two people, including 12 mail handlers, got anthrax, and five of these 22 people died. An anthrax attack could take many forms. For example, it could be placed in letters and mailed, as was done in , or it could be put into food or water. Anthrax also could be released into the air from a truck, building, or plane. It only takes a small amount of anthrax to infect a large number of people. If anthrax spores were released into the air, people could breathe them in and get sick with anthrax.

Inhalation anthrax is the most serious form and can kill quickly if not treated immediately. If the attack were not detected by one of the monitoring systems in place in the United States, it might go unnoticed until doctors begin to see unusual patterns of illness among sick people showing up at emergency rooms. A subset of select agents and toxins have been designated as Tier 1 because these biological agents and toxins present the greatest risk of deliberate misuse with significant potential for mass casualties or devastating effect to the economy, critical infrastructure, or public confidence, and pose a severe threat to public health and safety.

Bacillus anthracis is a Tier 1 agent. The possession, use, or transfer of B. This video describes anthrax and its history as a biological weapon.

Infectious disease agents from specific origins exhibit unique molecular fingerprints that are all but impossible to erase Jackson et al. These fingerprints are inherent to many, if not all, bioweapons agents on the A-List, including bacteria and viruses against humans and animals.

It is therefore feasible to sequence the genes of such agents, organize that information in large databases, and use this molecular information to strengthen future BWC agreements and homeland security efforts. The elements of the plan are as follows. Optimally, there would be two such facilities. The first would be domestically based, used to enhance homeland security, and serve as a model to states that are parties to the BWC.

The second would be internationally based and offer improved verification and compliance capabilities to future BWC agreements. These two facilities could generate complementary and corroborative information. A dedicated high-throughput laboratory against bioweapons agents would offer several important capabilities. First, it would enable exhaustive molecular fingerprinting and taxonomic positioning for a broad spectrum of known threat agents. Second, it would perform such analyses in a consistent and chain-of-custody manner.

Third, it would produce high-resolution information within hours to days after sample receipt. The international facility could operate with capabilities and compartments established by future BWC agreements.

Such arrangements would enable the United States to maintain its own molecular forensics and database capability yet share powerful testing methods and technologies with states that are parties to the BWC. In , the Australia Group identified nearly bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins against people, animals, and plants with potentials for weaponization. To date, however, only about 20 infectious agents have been used to produce biological weapons. All the necessary technologies are available to build and operate a highthroughput molecular forensics laboratory and database system against bioweapons agents Layne et al.

The first are portable devices offering relatively simple and rapid tests. The second are high-throughput automation and robotic systems offering highly definitive tests. These larger systems must be housed in a semitractor trailer or suitable building, where samples must be brought to them. As outlined below, the optimal system would integrate both designs. The tests are based on polymerase chain reaction PCR methods and utilize tailored molecular primers against specific biothreat agents, such as B.

A larger set of primers is capable of screening for a larger list of biothreat agents. Such portable devices are able to detect very small traces of organisms but cannot actually sequence their genes. They often incorporate a personal computer to control and monitor tests, an Internet link to enable real-time data acquisition, and a global positioning device to automatically track locations.

With such technologies, a trained individual can screen about two dozen samples per hour. To increase testing capacity, multiple devices can be deployed. More definitive molecular forensics tests require more steps. A large assortment of automated and robotic equipment is available for this kind of work.

Such industrial-scale technologies e. From a design standpoint, the various plug-and-work modules would be integrated into a flexible working system that could be upgraded with the latest commercial technologies. Incoming samples would follow an orderly flow, with different massanalysis lines focusing on different biothreat agents. Because of automation and miniaturization, the entire facility which permits the growing, extracting, sequencing, and archiving of samples would fit into a surprisingly compact space that contains biohazardous materials and safeguards workers.

More sequence information is always better for molecular forensics, yet there are tradeoffs between laboratory productivity and definitive identifications. In comparison, the human genome is composed of about 4,,, bases. Current technologies would enable a highthroughput molecular forensics laboratory to sequencing about 10,, bases per day. This would correspond roughly to fingerprinting and positioning about viruses or 50 bacteria per day.

Such procedures could be completed within hours or days after receiving samples. A surge capacity of 10, samples per day would be feasible with current technologies. At such rates, however, the limiting factors would be sample collection and transportation rather than rapid testing. The high-throughput molecular forensics laboratory would generate a sizeable database within a few years.

In addition to cataloguing molecular fingerprints, the laboratory would also be able to analyze the taxonomic position and natural genetic history of threat agents genealogies. In reach-back and attribution scenarios, genealogies could prove to be more powerful than fingerprints alone. The most recent generation of teraflop computers, which can achieve speeds of 30 x 10 12 calculations per second, would be well suited to analyze the threat agent database. Domestically, the goal would be to support decisionmaking processes and offer surge capacity for public health, emergency medical, agricultural, and law enforcement efforts.

Internationally, the goal would be to support United States national security and intelligence operations as well as future BWC agreements. The toolbox for such undertakings includes currently available tracking, mapping, and modeling technologies. The United States has mature policies to deter nuclear attacks, set forth as mutual assured destruction MAD. It also has established policies to deter conventional attacks, set forth by the ability to fight on one or two major fronts and several minor fronts at once.

But the United States has few well-developed policies to deter biological attacks. A high-throughput molecular forensics laboratory and database facility would help to fill this gap by enabling a new policy of virtually assured detection and response VADAR regarding biological attacks.

The framework is as follows. The collapse of the system of two opposing superpowers has led to an uncertain world order characterized by one global ultrapower, a majority of responsible governments, several rogue states, multiple religious fringe groups, and some shadowy international syndicates that are forming new networks and posing new challenges to global security.

Today, at least 17 countries are known to be developing or producing bioweapons and the list may be expanding. The scale of global trade also poses a major challenge. For example, more than 14, loaded foot marine containers enter the United States each day Flynn, Containers routinely travel through the country before reaching a port of entry and the system tracking their intended course and location is rudimentary.

Furthermore, few containers undergo any form of inspection and, even when this occurs, specialized inspection technologies are rarely used. Current methods of disease control, which rely on veterinarians inspecting animals for signs of infection, collecting mucosal and blood samples, and analyzing them with manual laboratories, have cycle times of three to five days.

Foot-and-mouth disease can spread from one location to another, however, in far less time. Consequently, the current system with manual laboratories cannot support science-based decisions on quarantine zones, animal destruction, and resource allocation.

At the heart of the problem is a lack of rapid, accurate, and complete information on which to make dependable decisions. A quantum leap in threat agent surveillance and data analysis is needed. In a bioattack on the United States, as few as 50 sickened people in one major city could stretch public health, emergency medical, and law enforcement services beyond local capabilities. Larger attacks involving major metropolitan areas would be overwhelming and require the delivery of tons of antibiotics to exposed persons within days, challenging national capabilities.

A coherent program that strengthens homeland security thus requires sizeable laboratory and informatic resources that can be organized in terms of four overall phases. First, in preventing attacks, the United States would rely on the ability to fingerprint and catalogue bioweapons agents with high-throughput technologies. An extensive database of molecular fingerprints and associated origins would offer a new means of rapid attribution and therefore deterrence.

It would put rogue states, religious fringe groups, and international syndicates on notice that there is little chance to evade blame for bioattacks.

Second, in the unfortunate event of an attack, public health laboratories would be overwhelmed simply because there would be too many samples to analyze quickly. Manual laboratories would be unable to answer even the simplest questions: Is the agent present? How many different infectious agents were. How do they differ? What are the best initial therapies to treat those afflicted and exposed? Information from high-throughput laboratories would reduce confusion and save lives by offering rapid testing in acute situations.

Third, in the aftermath of an attack, public health, agricultural, and law enforcement officials would need accurate answers to another set of questions. What are the geographic boundaries of each infectious agent? What are their stabilities? What are the effects on animals and plants? Information from highthroughput laboratory and mapping systems would speed the recovery process by offering testing for cleanup and investigatory operations.

Fourth, in response to the attack, law enforcement officials must collect evidence in accordance with chain of custody procedures. Intelligence agencies and military services must make accurate attributions and take swift actions to protect national security. Information from high-throughput laboratories and their associated databases could prevent further attacks by rapidly pinpointing suspected sources.

The relatively small anthrax attacks in a few American cities flooded the bioterrorism response network. Thousands of samples were sent to a patchwork of state and federal laboratories which, at best, were equipped to handle about samples per day Kahn et al. Even with many laboratories working around-the-clock, they could not keep pace with emergency testing demands.

Strengthening homeland security against bioterrorism needs enhanced public health and emergency medical preparedness at home and expanded human intelligence capabilities abroad. Moving beyond the BWC Protocol stalemate requires reliable disclosure of dual use facilities, timely inspection of suspicious programs, and systematic testing for certain i.

The common element among such undertakings is rapid, complete, and reliable information on which to make assessments and decisions. A high-throughput molecular forensics laboratory and database facility would cost several hundred million dollars to build and operate over the first five years. Since the needed technologies already are available, it could be operational within two years.

Such a facility could be operated under the newly created Homeland Security Council. The mission of this new national medical forensics and intelligence support laboratory would be to complement and cooperate with existing government agencies such as health, agriculture, emergency management, justice, defense, intelligence, and the national laboratories.

It would support public health, law enforcement, and homeland security programs without usurping their long-established missions. It would provide needed surge capacity in the acute and cleanup phases of terrorist bioattacks. It would also have mechanisms to support certain scientific and technical research.

In building the first molecular forensic laboratory against bioweapons agents, the overall testing methods and high-throughput capabilities would be shared with the scientific community. The design of certain molecular primers against specific biothreat agents and resulting fingerprint and genealogies, however, would be available to the national and homeland security communities only.

Such open architectures would facilitate the development a second internationally-based laboratory that parallels the initial design. In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon and organized anthrax attacks in several American cities, there has been renewed debate on the risks of further biological attacks. At present, the risk remains unclear. Yet it is clear that terrorist attacks have become more spectacular and lethal and have now reached our homeland soil.

The question is: When will the shift to more devastating forms of bioterrorism take place? The United States now has the opportunity to organize effective prevention, deterrence, and response measures.

The United States must also act on domestic and international fronts. Is it an improvement over existing methods and policies? Is it possible to circumvent? But with secret offensive bioweapons programs possibly assisting organized terrorism, can we afford to wait?

Technology could help public health enormously; but to help focus the development of technology for public health as well as for the FBI and other law enforcement agencies who cope with forensic issues that resemble the diagnostic ones faced by public health , the public health community needs to articulate its technology needs.

Once these needs are defined, then the science and technology communities, including funding organizations such as DARPA , can begin to define the science and technology programs required to develop the desired capability.

In this way, bridges can be built between public health and the technical community. Indeed, agencies like DARPA are very good at assembling the kind of interdisciplinary scientific and technical efforts—involving academia, industry, and government laboratories—that are required to develop new capabilities.

Suppose, for example, the case could be made for a routine molecular. This statement reflects the professional view of the author and should not be construed as an official position of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. A research and development effort might then be mounted to develop this new diagnostic capability by assembling researchers from the appropriate technical and user communities—e.

The challenge would be enormous but the magnitude of the development effort will be a strong function of how strongly the case had been made for doing it in the first place. Genomics-based technologies, for example, have great potential for improving public health. Fulfillment of this potential would be accelerated if the public health community participated in developing a vision of how the application of genomics information could enhance health care.

Such a vision might serve to rally the nation to develop technological capabilities that enhance our ability to cope with many of the bioterrorism response and preparedness issues that have been identified in our discussions.

During World War II, for example, it was recognized that radar had tremendous potential for identifying U boats. The proof of principle had been done, but the technology still needed to be developed. A vision of what radar might be capable of doing for the military led to the initiation of the radar program at MIT from which great science and technology emerged including the foundations of the microelectronics industry. Finally, it is very difficult to bound all of the bioterrorism response capabilities that have been discussed during this workshop.

There are simply too many imaginable bioterrorist scenarios multiple agents and multiple ways to create mischief with them. We do not have sufficient resources to address an unbounded set of problems. So we must try in some rational way to bound bioterrorism and define the set of bioterrorism issues that need to be addressed.

We must focus and develop a big vision that the country can respond to. For example, why not identify as a national goal the removal of infectious disease as a public health threat? This does not mean that we need to define how to eliminate infectious disease. But by crisply stating the problem and offering a prize to the one who solved it, some fantastic science and technology emerged.

Could we not rally the country behind a campaign to eliminate the infectious disease threat? Update: West Nile-like viral encephalitis — New York, Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Record — Jarroff L. Of mosquitoes, dead birds and epidemics. Time 15 — Miller JR, Mikol Y. Surveillance for diarrheal disease in New York City. Journal of Urban Health — Surveillance data for waterborne illness detection: an assessment following a massive waterborne outbreak of Cryptosporidium infection.

Epidemiology and Infection — Pharmaceutical sales a method of disease surveillance. Journal of Environmental Health — Using nurse hot line calls for disease surveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases Apr—Jun;4 2 — Vet Pathol — Thacker SB. Historical development.

Principles and Practice of Public Health Surveillance. Public health surveillance in the United States. Epidemiology Review — Flynn SE. Beyond Border Control. Foreign Affairs 57— PCR analysis of tissue samples from the Sverdlovsk anthrax victims: The presence of multiple Bacillus anthracis strains in different victims. Public health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA. Lancet — Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within Bacillus anthracis.

Journal of Bacteriology — Washington, D. From the discussions, it became clear that of utmost urgency is the need to cast the issue of a response in an appropriate framework in order to attract the attention of Congress and the public in order to garner sufficient and sustainable support for such initiatives. No matter how the issue is cast, numerous workshop participants agreed that there are many gaps in the public health infrastructure and countermeasure capabilities that must be prioritized and addressed in order to assure a rapid and effective response to another bioterrorist attack.

Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Switch between the Original Pages , where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

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Get This Book. Visit NAP. Looking for other ways to read this? No thanks. Page Share Cite. Detection and Diagnosis. Expectations for a Health Indicator Surveillance System. Specific Needs for Bioterrorism Surveillance. Needs for Animal and Plant Surveillance. Key Issues for Developing a Surveillance System. The following questions addressed the usefulness of health surveillance data. Improvement in Active Patient Data Collection.

Syndrome-based reporting from a pre-determined list of signs and symptoms; Touch screen or personal digital assistant PDA -based electronic data reporting, collection, and submission; Graphical presentation of data based on GIS and temporal information; Automatic alerts to public health officials of specific signs and symptoms e.

The Need for a System of Systems. TABLE Selected infectious disease outbreaks characterized by delayed recognition, characterization, or response Disease Outbreak Characteristics Influenza Worldwide, — 3,4 pp— Rapid spread over large geographic area Overwhelms health care system Overwhelms essential services e. Some of the current large computational modeling and simulation efforts in other scientific fields include: The Department of Transportation, in collaboration with the Department of Energy, is using agent-based modeling to model automobile traffic flows in major cities.

Examples of current enabling procedures and technologies There are some reasonably good collectors available that can sample large volumes of air over short periods of time by concentrating and impacting air content onto either a water filter or solid substrate; the collected material is then introduced into a detection scheme.

How can we better control access to potential biothreat agents? Thus, the law contains no provision for exemptions under any circumstances While prohibiting the possession of select agents for purposes that are not for bona fide research and other beneficial purposes, the USA Patriot act does not impose registration requirements for the possession of select agents for legitimate purposes ASM has supported such registration since Homeland Security and the Biological Weapons Convention.

Molecular Forensics. Available Technologies. Login or Register to save! Stay Connected! Disease Outbreak Characteristics.

Influenza Worldwide, — 3,4 pp— Rapid spread over large geographic area Overwhelms health care system Overwhelms essential services e.

Common-source Exposed population disperses from point of exposure throughout the state of Pennsylvania Unknown agent Rapid spread and demise Mimics a biological terrorist attack. Affects small population spread over a large geographic area Cultural concerns Zoonotic.

Salmonellosis Oregon, , US, 7. Bioterrorism attack that mimics naturallyoccurring outbreak Unrecognized as bioterrorism at time Community-wide outbreak Common agent. Zoonotic birds are first victims Initial diagnosis wrong Limited geographic area affected humans Specific population group affected elderly humans New agent to New York City Suspicion of bioterrorism. Data Source. Cons and Confounders. Reflects incidence of disease in general population. Nonspecific- May be difficult to document definitive information.

Reflects symptomatology most broadly. May not be ordered for all most patients. Problems with timeliness and accuracy Not broadly representative.

Now, after 10 years of making music as Knife Party, the guys have returned to Pendulum. The impetus for the comeback started with that Ultra Show, which led them to create the music that would eventually become "Nothing For Free" and "Driver," both out today Sept.

Before quarantine, the group was testing out the music with sets throughout Australia and New Zealand, and while both currently quarantined at their homes in London, in Pendulum is set to play big deal electronic festivals including We Are FSTVL, Creamfields, Ultra Europe. Here Swire and McGrillen discuss Pendulum's return, why they hated bass music and why albums are no longer necessary. Swire: [We've] definitely got a love-hate relationship with it. I think the scene had quite a hard time accepting us, especially in the underground.

Second of all, one of guys wants to sing and the other guys wants to play a f--king bass. Were there moments you felt accepted in that scene, or was it always a more contentious thing? Swire: Yeah, I think initially it was very accepting, and then we did what we always do and got bored of sticking to the same thing. It seems like with both projects, you've had the same experience of not quite fitting into your respective scene.

McGrillen: I think coming from Pendulum and starting Knife Party, we learned lessons about getting sort of constricted or locked into a genre.

Maybe with Knife Party as well, without realizing it we tried not to get locked in. Dubstep was controversial when you debuted Knife Party. People loved it, people hated it and and it created a lot of contention within the scene. What was your experience of that? Did that make it difficult to be wedged into that scene and play for that fan base, or were you just happy to be there? Swire: We were happy to be there and happy to experiment. Hold on. Coming out the other end of that project and feeling a bit creatively burnt out and lost, was it always an intention to go back to Pendulum?

Swire: The initial kick off was Adam at Ultra. That Ultra show was incredible. What did it do for you in terms of moving you forward? It was a lot of rehearsing. Swire: Definitely. The next EP coming out after this sounds pretty different to this stuff too. I was actually looking forward to taking a year off at one point, then it happened and I hated it.

You need that so that you can be excited to go and do it. Last time, warming up for Beyonce was just so surreal. It was quite spooky to be playing to that many Beyonce fans. News Music News. Pendulum drop two new songs and tell us about returning after a decade. By Andrew Trendell. Pendulum, Upgrade Now. View all trending tracks. Loading player…. Scrobble from Spotify? Connect to Spotify Dismiss. Search Search. Similar Artists Play all.

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A coaxial cable carries the signal from a satellite, antenna, or cable line to a TV. The wrong coaxial cable can weaken your signal. Without a good signal, you may get an inferior image and those frustrating lags while streaming a show. A coaxial cable is a copper conductor wire surrounded by layers of insulation that protect the line from being disrupted by surrounding radio frequencies and electromagnetic interference.

Electrical signal flows through the conductor, carrying video and data to a TV. This guide will explore what features of a coaxial cable are crucial to making the most out of a home HDTV setup as well as review some of the best coaxial cables on the market.

While RG6 is the most widely used coaxial cable, RG11 and the lower end RG59 are also useful for specific connections. Here are the basics on each type:. There are several important factors to consider when shopping for a coaxial cable, including how the cable connects to TV, cable construction, and operating frequency. A CL rating indicates what devices the coaxial cable can safely wire. Most coaxial cables have a rating of CL2 or CL3. Cables rated CL2 are suitable for installation inside walls and can withstand power surges up to volts without melting or shorting.

CL3 is similar to CL2, but can handle surges up to volts. Coaxial cables are designed to have operating frequencies that minimize signal loss. Most coaxial cables have an operating frequency between and 2, megahertz MHz. Higher quality R6 and R11 cables, which have more insulation, operate near MHz, while lower quality R59 cables, which have thinner insulation, operate near 2, MHz.

R6 and R11 cables perform better at longer runs than R59 cables. Attenuation is the loss of signal strength that happens when a signal from a cable line or antenna travels along a coaxial cable. The longer the coaxial cable, the greater the loss, because the farther a signal must travel, the more strength it will lose.

Another factor affecting signal attenuation: frequency. The higher the frequency the coaxial cable operates on, the greater the signal attenuation. A foot coaxial cable with an operating frequency of 1, MHz will have less attenuation than a foot coaxial cable operating at 1, MHz. Coaxial cable can connect an external TV antenna to the TV. It also connects high-speed internet from a modem to a cable line, allowing the user to stream content from the web like Netflix onto a TV screen. Outside the house, coaxial cable can connect the main cable line in the neighborhood to individual homes.

Coaxial cable splitters take a single cable line and separate it into two separate lines. In one side of a small box, a coaxial cable input connects a coaxial cable running from the signal source, such as an antenna, satellite, or cable TV line.

The other side of the box includes two or more cable outputs, which send the signal to multiple devices, such as a TV or modem. With the above shopping considerations in mind, here are some of the top picks for coaxial cables in a range of categories. Use quad shield coax for best results and look for a good brand.

As for the distance it all depends on how you run your cable. Without an amplifier then anywhere between m depending on the installation and cable used. Yes, you can connect your TV antenna to your cable TV wiring system. If your home is wired for cable TV and you want to cut the cord and drop cable in favor of a TV antenna the same coax cable can be used for the TV antenna. It's likely a lot easier than you think. For a single receiver a single cable works.

The dish itself will need to change, of course. Yes, my cabling is fine. They just can 't share the same coax cables, the coax runs to the rooms would need to be separate. What kind of coaxial cable does directv use? Category: music and audio tv and film podcasts. Is rg11 better than rg6? Can you splice Direct TV cable?

How do you connect a coaxial cable to a satellite dish? Can you twist coaxial cable together? How do you splice satellite cable?

How many cables does a satellite dish have? Does Dish TV use coaxial cable? What is the best cable to use for satellite TV? Does length of coaxial cable affect signal? I assume you're talking about using a female to female coax adapter aka a "coupler" at the end of the existing coax cable plugging the new extension cable into that, and plugging this into the back of your existing satellite receiver in its satellite input jack?

And now the satellite receiver is not receiving anything? If you're plugging it in the way I've described above, then it should work unless you've got a defective cable or coupler. If it's standard def you need to upgrade to a high definition box for use with the new TV otherwise the picture quality is going to be pretty poor.

Make sure the DirecTV people know this before they come on their service call so they bring the HD box with them. It's possible you'll need a new dish as well which they can do for you. Select Video 1 on your TV to view the picture. Again, this is only a temporary solution to get a picture but it will not be high definition.

And I hope you're not talking about using a coax connection between the DirecTV box and the TV itself and trying to tune the signal in on channel 3 on the TV? That's the worst possible way to connect a satellite receiver or cable box to a TV. Life before HDMI

Because it is so wide open--a couple of baskets rather than shelves--a chest freezer has greater capacity than an upright and can easily handle food items of odd sizes and shapes, such as a large turkey. But if you keep that turkey or anything else at the bottom of the freezer, it will be hard to reach and maybe even forgotten. Those are unlikely problems with an upright model. Because of its low profile, a chest freezer can be placed under a window.

But because a chest is as wide as uprights are tall, it won't fit into all spaces. And uprights are designed to fit through doorways more easily. Operating manual. Chest freezers tend to be more energy efficient because the cold doesn't escape easily when you open the lid; food tends to keep longer as a result.

Cooling coils are built into the walls, so no fan is required to circulate cold air. Most chest models defrost manually, while most uprights have an automated-defrost function that increases the incidence of freezer burn and requires more energy. Compact five cubic-foot freezers are available either with refrigerators or as stand-alone, chest and upright freezers.

This freezer size will hold a capacity of approximately pounds of frozen food. Top-freezer refrigerator models typically provide between four cubic-feet and five cubic-feet of freezer capacity. These models tend to fall on the smaller end of standard refrigerator dimensions , ranging between 28 and 32 inches wide, 61 and 66 inches tall, and 28 and 34 inches deep. Click here to find this top-freezer refrigerator by GE at Walmart.

Compact chest and upright freezers, between three cubic-foot and five cubic-foot capacity, use minimal space to conveniently boost your frozen food storage in addition to that of a refrigerator with a freezer.

Click here to find this five cu-ft chest freezer by Arctic King on Amazon. A seven cubic-foot freezer falls within the small freezer size category. It can hold as much as pounds of frozen food. Small-sized freezers are available on refrigerators with a freezer models and as stand-alone, chest and upright freezers. Both types of side-by-side and bottom-freezer refrigerator models can provide ample space, between six cubic-foot and nine cubic-foot of freezer capacity. These fridges tend to fall on the larger end of standard refrigerator dimensions.

Side-by-side models have a refrigerator on one side and a freezer on the other. Dimensions range between 32 and 39 inches wide, 65 and 71 inches tall, and 29 and 31 inches deep. Bottom-freezer refrigerators can have either a top door or French doors. Dimensions range between 29 and 36 inches wide, 67 and 70 inches tall, and 29 and 34 inches deep.

Click here to find this bottom-freezer refrigerator by GE at Walmart. If you already have a relatively large refrigerator, but the freezer seems to be overflowing, adding a small chest freezer to your home will help to manage frozen food storage. Small chest freezers can be either top-loading or upright.

Typical small 8. Food left in a freezer for more than six weeks begins to dry out and is susceptible to freezer burn, though meat pieces individually wrapped and frozen by a butcher can last a year. The quality and nutritional value of the frozen food begins to wane after this time period; once this happens, the frozen food has a tendency to be discarded rather than used.

Factor in how much frozen food your family consumes within that six-week period and stock the freezer accordingly. Use this six-week formula with the other considerations when choosing an upright freezer.

HOMETIPS also suggests making sure the upright freezer has the shelves and baskets you need to successfully organize your food for maximum storage space. By design, an upright freezer is less efficient than a chest freezer.

Each time the door is opened in an upright, all of the frozen air leaves the freezer interior and drops to the floor. The freezer must make up for that air loss by creating more frozen air. By keeping a freezer well stocked, you can minimize the amount of frozen air required to keep the food frozen.